All posts by Jan Nelson

I am a landscape designer and consultant in the Santa Cruz mountains in California. I write a weekly gardening column for the Press Banner newspaper. I am also a Calif. Advanced Certified Nursery Professional and managed The Plantworks Nursery in Ben Lomond, Ca. for 20 years.
Design trends

Flowers Adapt to a Changing Climate

These cultivated violas look similar to the field pansy in the study.

On this rainy day I’m picturing my garden and deck this summer filled with colorful flowers. The bumblebees will be happy, the hummingbirds will be happy, I’ll be happy. Or will I?

I recently read about a study in France that suggests that humans are quickly altering the way flowers are reproducing and it’s happening in just 20 generations. Toxic pesticides and vanishing habitats have driven down the populations of bees and other pollinators so some flowers have evolved to fertilize their own seeds more often than the seeds of other plants.

Bumblebee populations have declined and it may be that the field pansy flowers in the study are investing their energy into using their own pollen to fertilize their own seeds more, rather than produce big flowers that lure pollinators.

The researcher in the study, Dr. Cheptou an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Montpellier, was inspired to carry out the study when it became clear that bees and other pollinators were in drastic decline. How would flowers adapt? Would they find another way to reproduce?

The field pansies have always been able to reproduce using both methods. But a selfing flower can use only its own genes to produce new seeds. Sexual reproduction allows flowers to mix their DNA, creating new combinations that make them better prepared for diseases, drought and other challenges that future generations may face.

Tracking the evolution of the field pansy was made possible by the cache of seeds from the National Botanical Conservatory in France collected in the 1990s and early 2000s.

The researchers compared these old flowers with the new ones found in the countryside. After growing the new and old seeds side by side in the lab under identical conditions, they discovered that selfing had increased 27 percent since the 1990s.

Other changes of note were that although the new field pansies had not changed in their overall size, their flowers had shrunk by 10 percent and produced 20 percent less nectar.

So this change in reproduction may be making a bad situation worse for pollinating insects. The genetic limitation of selfing could put plants at risk of extinction.

Flowering plants are dealing with other issues such as global warming which speeds up the growth of the flowers and shrinks the window of time before the flower wilts and has nectar for pollinators.

Another study, however, on morning glories in the southern United States, found that between 2003 and 2012, the flowers became bigger, not smaller. Is this a strategy to keep attracting bees as they become less common?

Being an optimist I’m hoping that nature will adapt and figure out how to keep everybody happy.

Design trends

What’s New in the Garden in 2024

The flower buds, petals, young shoots and tubers of daylily are edible.

Gardening trends come & go. Who doesn’t love to read garden magazines with all those beautiful photographs during the winter and dream about your garden’s potential. Ditto for all the gardening blogs on the internet that are written by some very talented people who seem to have more free time than most of us. Here are some of the trends for 2024. You might already have incorporated some into your garden so pat yourself on the back and read on.

Like last year, enhancing your garden with edibles is again at the top of the list although now it’s got a fancy new name – Edimentals. Coined by writer Stephen Barstow of Norway edimentals are plants that are both edible and ornamental, therefore serving more than one function in the garden.

My friend Joy has foraged in her garden for years. You never know what’s going to be in one of her salads or soups. She would know that Pineapple Sage (Salvia elegans) is not only a fantastic fall-blooming perennial, but its scarlet flowers are great in salads, herbed cheeses and dressings.

Here are more reasons to add edimentals into your garden. Edimental plants are easy to care for. Perennials, shrubs and trees have fruiting times throughout the year rather than all at once. Their deeper roots make them hardier than annuals and better able to deal with drought or the occasional pest infestation. And when sprinkled throughout the entire garden, edimentals are a great way to draw kids out of the house and into the garden, encouraging them to forage while they wander. The flowers and tubers of both Dahlias and daylillies are examples of edimentals.

Another trend for 2024 isn’t really new. Naturalistic gardens consist mainly of native plants with drifts of flowers and grasses that look like a prairie that appears to have naturally re-seeded itself but in reality plants are carefully placed and chosen. The focus of a naturalistic garden is on a diversity of plants that blend with the surrounding nature and welcomes wildlife and pollinators. It’s neither manicured nor neglected. Sounds easy, doesn’t it?
Rethink that lawn this spring for a truly stunning yard.

Rain gardens are again trending. Around here it’s always a good idea to preserve runoff. Slow it, spread it, sink it should be our motto: catch the water, hold it on-site and get it back into the ground and out of storm drains. Roof and driveway pollutants from rain runoff are filtered by plant roots in a rain garden. Plants chosen for rain gardens need to handle the feast or famine amounts of water. Many native plants, grasses and sedges with their long, deep root structures.

The 4th trend for 2024 is learning to love bugs. While I can see that a few aphids, spider mites and whiteflies are not going to keep me up at night as long as the infestation isn’t too bad, I’m not sure about slugs and snails. The Royal Horticultural Society recently declassified slugs and snails as pests. The skunk and raccoon who frequent my garden will be happy to learn this. Me? Not so much.

Another trend is adapting and growing with a changing climate that is becoming hotter/colder, wetter, drier. Here are a few things you can do:
Choose the right plants that are more heat, cold, drought and pest resistant. Adjust your watering practices. Shift planting and harvesting dates and be prepared for extreme weather with row covers to protect from unexpected frost, shade cloth for excessive heat and materials for wind breaks.

Personally I embrace the smaller garden. You can create an instant meditation garden that encourages you to stop and sit for a couple minutes by placing a small bench where you can view something interesting in your garden. Small gardens are not only compact, they are easier to care for. Containers on the patio or deck allow you to grow plants for food as well as for the birds and the bees. There are more new dwarf vegetable, herb and flower varieties being introduced every year.

It’s always a good idea to remove overgrown shrubs and replace them with water smart, easy-to-care-for plants that will stay the right size in a smaller space. There are new compact and dwarf versions of old plants that have been garden favorites for a very long time. The reason they have endured is because they are reliable. Good reason to look again at some old favorites.


Everything old is new again.

Design trends

The Pantone 2024 Color of the Year

The Pantone Color of the Year for 2024 is… drumroll, please… Peach Fuzz. I like it. It’s a light, delicate shade that sits between pink and orange. I rarely get a request for orange flowers to be included in a garden so peach is a good compromise.

This year’s color is an easy one to include in the garden. Many of our favorite plants have peach colored blooms and it combines well with cornflower blue flowers. Softer shades of yellow and apricot also blend well with peach and add a wonderful feeling of warmth to the garden.

The UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden grows many kinds of leucospermum or Pincushion protea. One of my favorites is a lovely peach shade. I’m not sure of the name but it’s a beauty. David Austin offers several English shrub roses in shades of peach while Week’s roses offers the floribunda ‘Jump for Joy’ in a peachy shade. Several aloe varieties also come in peach toned flowers.

Warm colors tend to be more stimulating, dynamic and noticeable from afar than cool hues which are more calming and understated. Warm colors advance visually, cool ones recede. So to make a small garden appear larger use cool blues and lavenders in the back with just a touch of scarlet, orange or yellow up close for contrast. Do the opposite to make a large space more intimate – position warm colors at the back, cool colors in front.

Garden colors aren’t static either. They vary with time of day, the season, the weather and the distance from which we view them. Also color perception varies among people and not all people with normal vision see color the same way. Since color and light are inseparable, white, yellow and pastels seem more vivid in low light. In overcast or fog, soft colors like pink, creamy yellow, pale blue and lavender come alive. As night approaches and the earth is bathed in blues and violets, those colors are the first to fade from view.

So don’t forget white, cream and silver flowers and foliage to brighten up the night garden. White combines nicely with both warm and cool colors so it’s easy to place. It’s an effective peacemaker between colors that would clash if placed side by side. In shady gardens, plants like white bleeding heart, wavy cream-edged hosta, white browallia, white hydrangea, lamium and white calla lily pop at night. Gardens in more sun can plant Holly’s White penstemon, silvery bush morning glory, dichondra Silver Falls, fragrant Iceberg roses, white sweet alyssum and Whirling Butterflies gaura.

Have fun with color. don’t be afraid to try new combinations. I often hear people say “I like all the colors except orange”. Orange naturally combines with blue as these ‘sunset’ colors are opposite each other on the color wheel. Think how nice bright orange California poppies look with blue marguerites or peach Iceland poppies with blue violas.

Foliage is a rich source or garden color. You can find plants with yellow, red, purple, blue or gray foliage as well as shades of green with variegated, marbled or streaked leaves.

Plants grow and gardens change over time. Realize that you’re embarking on a journey that may take many years. Don’t be afraid to play with color even if you don’t get it right the first time. Just learn from your mistakes and make adjustments. And have fun getting there.